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Evidence of Possession is Required:
More Than Just Circumstantial Evidence of a Connection to Stolen Property
Last Updated: December 05 2025
Question: Is the Crown required to prove actual possession of stolen property in a theft case?
Answer: Yes, in order to secure a conviction under section 322 of the Criminal Code of Canada, the Crown must demonstrate that the accused was in unlawful possession and control of the stolen property, rather than simply having contact with it. If you find yourself facing such serious allegations, David Oake, Barrister (o/a MuskokaCriminal.Law™) can provide the guidance you need through the legal process.
Is the Crown Required to Prove Possession and Control Beyond Just Contact With Stolen Property to Get a Conviction In a Theft Case?
In a Theft Case the Crown Is Required to Present Evidence That the Accused Had Knowing Possession and Control of the Stolen Property Rather Than Mere Contact or Connection With the Stolen Property.
Understanding the Evidentiary Requirement That the Crown Must Prove Actual Possession of Property Within a Theft Case
To obtain a conviction in a matter where a person is charged with theft per section 322 of the Criminal Code of Canada, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, the Crown must prove that the person charged had possession and control of the property that was allegedly stolen. It is insufficient for the Crown to prove only circumstantial contact with, or connection to, the stolen property. Furthermore, the word "possession" has a special meaning in law and it is the special legal meaning of "possession" rather than merely the ordinary layperson meaning of "possession" that must be proven for a guilty verdict to result.
The Law
What is legally defined as the crime of theft is prescribed within section 322(1), of the Criminal Code, whereas such states:
322 (1) Every one commits theft who fraudulently and without colour of right takes, or fraudulently and without colour of right converts to his use or to the use of another person, anything, whether animate or inanimate, with intent
(a) to deprive, temporarily or absolutely, the owner of it, or a person who has a special property or interest in it, of the thing or of his property or interest in it;
(b) to pledge it or deposit it as security;
(c) to part with it under a condition with respect to its return that the person who parts with it may be unable to perform; or
(d) to deal with it in such a manner that it cannot be restored in the condition in which it was at the time it was taken or converted.
Accordingly, when a person is charged with theft, per section 322 of the Criminal Code, the prosecuting Crown must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, the elements as described. Among the elements is the word "takes" which involves a measure of possession and control over the property involved in the theft. What constitutes as "possession" is defined at section 4(3) of the Criminal Code which states:
Possession
4(3) For the purposes of this Act,
(a) a person has anything in possession when he has it in his personal possession or knowingly
(i) has it in the actual possession or custody of another person, or
(ii) has it in any place, whether or not that place belongs to or is occupied by him, for the use or benefit of himself or of another person; and
(b) where one of two or more persons, with the knowledge and consent of the rest, has anything in his custody or possession, it shall be deemed to be in the custody and possession of each and all of them.
In cases alleging theft, the Crown prosecutor may be without an eyewitness to the actual theft and thus proof of the theft may require collective circumstantial evidence that involves enough as necessary to avail to common sense and thereby inferences rising to the level of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. However, mere circumstantial evidence of contact with, and even a mere connection to, the property that is the subject of the theft is insufficient to prove actual involvement, or even complicit involvement, in the theft. Accordingly, the Crown prosecutor must do more than just prove mere contact with, or mere connection to, the subject property. The Crown prosecutor is required to prove that the accused person is the person who, wrongfully, took possession and control of the subject property. This required level of evidence was expressed within R. v. Phillips, 2020 ONCA 323, whereas it was stated:
[10] There is nothing to connect the appellant to the break-in or the thefts, except for his alleged possession of the stolen vehicle shortly after the break-in and thefts occurred. The reasonableness of the three convictions turns on whether the circumstantial evidence was reasonably capable of supporting the inference the appellant was not only in the Anthony vehicle when it travelled to Kingston, but was also in possession of that vehicle. Possession requires proof of some element of control over the thing said to be possessed: R. v. Pham (2005), 2005 CanLII 44671 (ON CA), 203 C.C.C. (3d) 326, at para. 16 (Ont. C.A.), aff’d, 2006 SCC 26 (CanLII), [2006] 1 S.C.R. 940; R. v. Terrence, 1983 CanLII 51 (SCC), [1983] 1 S.C.R. 357. Absent a finding the appellant was in possession of the truck, the further inferences he was the person who broke into the Anthony home and stole the purse and keys was not reasonably available.
As stated in the Phillips case above, more than just proof that Phillips was in a stolen vehicle was required to prove that Phillips was the person, or one of the persons, who took unlawful possession and control of the stolen vehicle. The case of R. v. Pham, 2005 CanLII 44671, which was also a Court of Appeal case, and as was cited within the Phillips case, very clearly stated the requirement for proof of possession and control beyond mere contact with, or connection to, the stolen property. Specifically, the Pham case said:
[15] In order to constitute constructive possession, which is sometimes referred to as attributed possession, there must be knowledge which extends beyond mere quiescent knowledge and discloses some measure of control over the item to be possessed. See R. v. Caldwell (1972), 1972 ALTASCAD 33 (CanLII), 7 C.C.C. (2d) 285, [1972] 5 W.W.R. 150 (Alta. S.C. (A.D.)); R. v. Grey (1996), 1996 CanLII 35 (ON CA), 28 O.R. (3d) 417, [1996] O.J. No. 1106 (C.A.).
[16] In order to constitute joint possession pursuant to s. 4(3)(b) of the Code there must be knowledge, consent, and a measure of control on the part of the person deemed to be in possession. See R. v. Terrence, 1983 CanLII 51 (SCC), [1983] 1 S.C.R. 357, 147 D.L.R. (3d) 724; R. v. Williams (1998), 1998 CanLII 2557 (ON CA), 40 O.R. (3d) 301, [1998] O.J. No. 2246 (C.A.); R. v. Barreau, 1991 CanLII 241 (BC CA), [1991] B.C.J. No. 3878, 19 W.A.C. 290 (C.A.); and R. v. Chambers, 1985 CanLII 169 (ON CA), [1985] O.J. No. 143, 20 C.C.C. (3d) 440 (C.A.).
Conclusion
When an accused person is facing a theft charge, it is insufficient for the Crown prosecutor to merely prove that the accused person had contact or a connection to the subject property; and accordingly, the Crown must prove that the accused person is who actually took unlawful possession and control of the subject or that the accused person was complicitly involved with the theft by knowingly assisting with the taking of unlawful possession and control of the subject property by another person.
NOTE: A significant number of web-based inquiries pertaining to “lawyers nearby” or “top lawyer in” frequently indicate a demand for prompt and effective legal support rather than specific designations. In Ontario, licensed paralegals are governed by the same Law Society that supervises lawyers and have the authority to represent clients in specific litigation cases. Skills in advocacy, legal analysis, and procedural matters are fundamental to this role. MuskokaCriminal.Law™ provides legal representation within its licensed parameters, focusing on strategic positioning, evidence preparation, and compelling advocacy aimed at securing efficient and beneficial outcomes for clients.